Images by Sol
W = Watson Camera
H = Helicopter Camera N = Navcam & Hazcam
968 – 988: — 967: N: 2 966: — 965: N: 10 964: N: 5 963: N: 10 962: N: 10 961: W: 22, H: 2, N: 14 960: N: 48 959: N: 42 958: N: 30 957: N: 92 956: — 955: H: 5 954: N: 7 953: N: 5 952: N: 18 951: N: 1 950: N: 16 949: N: 42 948: N: 5 947: H: 7, N: 29 946: N: 53 945: H: 24, N: 29 943 – 944: — 942: H: 1, N: 85 941: N: 5 940: H: 7, N: 4 939: — 938: W: 13, H: 1, N: 16 937: — 936: N: 2 935: W: 10, N: 70 934: W: 6, N: 6 933: H: 5, N: 21 932: N: 23 931: N: 19 930: N: 15 929: N: 14 928: — 927: N: 18 926: N: 19 925: N: 15 924: H: 6, N: 5 923: N: 99 922: N: 4 921: — 920: W: 8, H: 1, N: 6 918 – 919: — 917: N: 10 916: W: 9, N: 2 |
Color images created by processing raw images taken by the Ingenuity Helicopter RTE Camera, and Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Left and Right NavCams, Front and rear HazCam pairs and Watson Camera are offered here. Mastcam-Z images will be added later.
On desktop browsers use keys ↑ ↓ ← → ↵ (Enter) for fast browsing through the album pages. On mobiles swipe left, right and up for navigation through the album pages. Use the list on the left to access the images. It is sorted by the Martian day (Sol) since landing, the 2nd entry shows the available color images for each Sol. Changelog
Color CalibrationThe intention is to approximate the impression a human observer would have when standing on the surface of planet Mars. Though, as of now, the image processing pipeline is not yet completed due to missing camera calibration information. As soon this information becomes available it will be integrated into the processing pipeline. Currently, the only color processing applied is a static color correcting 3x3 matrix based on calibration results of previous missions' Mars cameras. The color variation visible between individual images within one Sol is mainly caused by the variations in sunlight conditions over the day and also influenced by dynamic and static effects of the image sensor, for example static channel-based nonlinear gain effects or dynamic sensor read-out effects. The automated color processing algorithm used here is similar to the process done in commercial digital cameras when they are manually set to daylight conditions, for example by switching off the white balance. Comparing images from the 1976 Viking Landers, 1997 Mars Pathfinder, 2004 Rovers Spirit and Opportunity and the 2012 Curiosity Rover revealed similar light conditions on the Martian surface as on a clear sky day on Earth. Just the total light intensite is lower, about 60% of Earth's. Technically it means, there is a close match between the relative calibration method, based on the Rover-attached color targets and the absolute calibration method based on the pre-flight camera spectral response measured under standard daylight illumination on Earth. Images taken during a clear day on Mars with the calibration applied on this website not only show the color perception a human on the planet would see by themselves, but also the colors a geologist on Earth would see when observing a Martian rock sample brought back to Earth and viewed during noon under a clear blue sky on Earth. During dust storm season, the relative and absolute calibrations don't match, but these conditions usually occur only for a few weeks per Martian year. They are characterized by diffuse reddish ambient illumination compared to the sharp and defined shadows during clear sky days.
Image ProcessingThe images are automatically created daily from raw data available at Mars Perseverance Raw Image Gallery. Processing pipeline:
The creation of the camera profile would be following the process as presented at the 2017 International Mars Society Convention. The presentation describes the creation of a camera profile for the 1976 Viking Lander digital scanning cameras and the 2012 Curiosity Rover MAHLI camera. Slides: http://www.marspapers.org/paper/Isenberg_2017_pres.pdf The Ambigram LogoThe Ambigram Logo shown above on top of this page and the variant on areo.info were invented and created in December 2012 through January 2013 by Holger Isenberg. Published and © 2013 Holger Isenberg. If you like to use it, contact me. Have you found the 2 hidden words in it? Related Resources
Cameras Documentation
Perseverance Rover and Ingenuity Helicopter Image Browsers and Visualization Tools
Other Mars Missions Image Browsers and Visualization Tools
Author and PublisherImage processing framework by Holger Isenberg ([email protected]) using Python, NumPy, scikit-image, OpenCV-Python, fetch_m20_raw.py, Perl, ImageMagick, and Album. Impressum on main page: areo.info Image Credits: Automated color calibration and image processing by areo.info. Raw data from NASA / JPL-Caltech mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images.
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